Cover: Half Drag Portraits by Leland Bobbe
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Cover: Half Drag Portraits by Leland Bobbe / We're so grateful to photographer Leland Bobbe for allowing us to use one of his portraits for our cover. Here are a few more, linking through to his site, to give you a taste of his extensive collection. See more of his work at lelandbobbe.com/.
Ch 1: Men's high heels
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Ch 1: Men's high heels / Men wore high heels before women did. They were invented to make soldiers on horseback more effective. This board features high heeled shoes for boys men, mostly from the 1600s, and some paintings of aristocrats in their lofty footwear.
Ch 1: Distinction
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Ch 1: Distinction / Distinction: efforts to distinguish one’s own group from others for the purposes of establishing a hierarchy.
Ch 1: Sex and gender
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Ch 1: Sex and gender / It's useful to distinguish sex from gender, as a starting point. Here are some ways to think about the difference.
Ch 1: Masculinity and femininity
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Ch 1: Masculinity and femininity / The word gender refers to the symbolism of masculinity and femininity that we connect to being male-bodied or female-bodied. Here are some examples of disembodied masculinity and femininity.
Ch 2: Boys don't have eyelashes
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Ch 2: Boys don't have eyelashes
Ch 2: The one-sex model
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Ch 2: The one-sex model / In the 16th and 17th century, scientists interpreted the male and female genitalia as essentially the same, differing only in placement. This board features anatomical drawings of the time.
Ch 2: Cultural ideologies of gender
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Ch 2: Cultural ideologies of gender / We are a sexed species, but how our bodies are made meaningful varies across time and culture. This boar collects examples of third, fourth, and fifth genders.
Ch 2: Gender binary ideology
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Ch 2: Gender binary ideology / When we use the phrase "opposite sex," we affirm the idea that men and women are inherently and inevitably different and at odds. The pins on this board are manifestations of this false belief in a gender binary.
Ch 2: Fetal development
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Ch 2: Fetal development / How do male, female, and other bodies develop in utero? Are men's and women's bodies really "opposite"?
Ch 2: The 1% - Intersex and trans bodies
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Ch 2: The 1% - Intersex and trans bodies / Dozens of conditions can result in an intersexed body, one that is not clearly male or female, or a body that doesn’t match the identity of the person that inhabits it. In fact, it is estimated that at least one out of every 100 people isn’t 100 percent female- or male-bodied or have the feeling like they’re trapped in the body of the wrong sex.
Ch 2: The 99% - Exaggerating gender difference
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Ch 2: The 99% - Exaggerating gender difference / Our physical traits—height, hairiness, shape, strength, agility, flexibility, and bone structure—overlap far more than they diverge and vary widely over the course of our lives. We believe in a gender binary, though, so the vast majority of us work hard to try to minimize this overlap, pressing our bodies into ideal male or female shapes.
Ch 2: Gender as a social construct
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Ch 2: Gender as a social construct / Gender is a social construct, too. Here are some examples.
Ch 3: Sexual dimorphism
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Ch 3: Sexual dimorphism / Sexual dimorphism refers to differences between males and females in appearance and behavior. Across the range of species on earth, some are highly sexually dimorphic and some are less so. This board collects examples of highly sexually dimorphic animals.
Ch 3: "If humans were as sexually dimorphic as..." exercise
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Ch 3: "If humans were as sexually dimorphic as..." exercise / EXERCISE PROMPT: Research your assigned animal, paying special attention to physical differences between the male + female of the species. Consider height, weight, coloration, physical features, + any other differences you discover. 1. Finish the phrase: “If humans were as sexually dimorphic as the ANIMAL, men would be FILL IN and women would be FILL IN.” 2. Draw a picture, to scale and with color, of what humans would look like if they were as dimorphic as your assigned animal.
Ch 3: Gender similarities hypothesis
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Ch 3: Gender similarities hypothesis
Ch 3: Hormonal feedback loops
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Ch 3: Hormonal feedback loops
Ch 3: Brain plasticity
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Ch 3: Brain plasticity
Ch 3: Epigenetics
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Ch 3: Epigenetics
Ch 3: Priming and stereotype threat
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Ch 3: Priming and stereotype threat
Ch 3: Gender and math
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Ch 3: Gender and math
Ch 3: Mental rotation
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Ch 3: Mental rotation
Ch 3: Other nature/nurture intersections
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Ch 3: Other nature/nurture intersections
Ch 4: Doing gender
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Ch 4: Doing gender
Ch 4: Variation in Gender Rules
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Ch 4: Variation in Gender Rules / Gender rules are present in every society, but their content varies dramatically across time and space. On this board, we pin examples of historical and cultural variation in the rules for how to be masculine and feminine.
Ch 5: Intersectionality
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Ch 5: Intersectionality
Ch 6: Cheerleading
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Ch 6: Cheerleading / The gender composition of cheerleading, as well as ideas of ideal femininity and masculinity, have changed over time. This board collects contemporary and historical images of cheerleaders.
Ch 6: Sexism
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Ch 6: Sexism / Sexism is prejudice against people based on their biological sex.
Ch 6: Androcentrism
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Ch 6: Androcentrism / Androcentrism is gender-based prejudice: the granting of higher status, respect, value, reward, and power to the masculine compared to the feminine.
Ch 6: Subordination
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Ch 6: Subordination / Subordination is when men and women are brought together into hierarchical relationships.
Ch 6: Men doing masculinity, avoiding femininity
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Ch 6: Men doing masculinity, avoiding femininity
Ch 6: Male flight
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Ch 6: Male flight
Ch 6: Hegemonic masculinity
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Ch 6: Hegemonic masculinity
Ch 6: Male hierarchies
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Ch 6: Male hierarchies
Ch 6: Men and violence
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Ch 6: Men and violence / Statistics theory glorification in the media
Ch 7: Psychology of power
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Ch 7: Psychology of power
Ch 7: Women balancing masculinity and femininity
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Ch 7: Women balancing masculinity and femininity
Ch 7: Benevolent Sexism
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Ch 7: Benevolent Sexism
Ch 8: Institutions, some examples
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Ch 8: Institutions, some examples
Ch 8: Gendered institutions
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Ch 8: Gendered institutions
Ch 8: Bathrooms and gender
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Ch 8: Bathrooms and gender
Ch 8: Sports and gender
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Ch 8: Sports and gender
Ch 9: Change and gender ideals
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Ch 9: Change and gender ideals
Ch 9: Vintage ads
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Ch 9: Vintage ads
Ch 10: Gendered sexuality
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Ch 10: Gendered sexuality
Ch 10: Sexual objectification
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Ch 10: Sexual objectification
Ch 11: Marriage, a history
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Ch 11: Marriage, a history
Ch 11: Fathering
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Ch 11: Fathering
Ch 11: Mothering
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Ch 11: Mothering
Ch 11: Family diversity
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Ch 11: Family diversity
Ch 12: Women's work, a history
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Ch 12: Women's work, a history
Ch 12: Flight attendant history
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Ch 12: Flight attendant history
Ch 12: Flight attendant training
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Ch 12: Flight attendant training
Ch 12: Pay gaps
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Ch 12: Pay gaps
Ch 12: Glass ceilings, cliffs, and escalators
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Ch 12: Glass ceilings, cliffs, and escalators
Ch 12: Moms at work
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Ch 12: Moms at work
Ch 13: Anti-suffrage propaganda
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Ch 13: Anti-suffrage propaganda
Ch 13: Pro-suffrage propaganda
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Ch 13: Pro-suffrage propaganda
Ch 13: Fight for suffrage
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Ch 13: Fight for suffrage
Ch 13: Varieties of feminism
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Ch 13: Varieties of feminism
Ch 13: Politics within feminism
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Ch 13: Politics within feminism
Ch 13: Feminist activism
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Ch 13: Feminist activism
Ch 13: Anti-feminist backlash
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Ch 13: Anti-feminist backlash
Ch 14: Pep talk and advice!
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Ch 14: Pep talk and advice!